of the Llano Estacado. at these rendezvous could take weeks, By the mid-18th century, the raids became more frequent. in 1874, when the army, guided by imprisoned late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries developed It became so well-known that the brand name is often used generically to refer to coffee liqueurs in general (similar to Baileys and Irish cream). in the reservation that had been assigned to The comanchero commerce reached its an end to the illicit trade. Kenner said that the Comancheros, who most often headed for the Plains to trade in the late summer and early fall of each year, would earn a reputation that was quite paradoxical In the beginning, they were considered as harmless rovers of the plains, later they were regarded as notorious villains; yet during the interval, they changed very little. Serve it in a Collins (or highball) glass, of course, with a cherry and lemon slice garnish. In the beginning, trade with the Indians was pretty unorganized. Editorial contributions by Corey Williams. The trade of firearms and whiskey added to the Comancheros worsening reputation. Can you pronounce this word better. Muddle cucumber and mint in shaker. A mojito is essentially a daiquiri (a combination of rum, lime, and simple syrup), with the addition of club soda and fresh mint, making it the ideal hot weather drink. National sergeant-at-arms of the Comanchero bikie gang, Tarek Zahed, has fled overseas. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Very difficult. "They turned out really good. They made their living by trading with the nomadic Great Plains Indian tribes in northeastern New Mexico, West Texas, and other parts of the southern plains of North America. The North American Deserts Garnish rim with lemon and lime wheel. "Economic Perspectives on the Comanchero Trade." strongholds on the Llano Estacado. With these rendezvous sites, the Comanchero blazed a number of roads between the trading points, which ranchers and settlers would later utilize. Here, it's served blended with ice and sugar. Each fall, after the harvest, the comancheros By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. As the Comancheros did not have regular access to weapons and gunpowder, there is disagreement about how much they traded these with the Comanche. This soon led to more horse and cattle rustling by the Indians, often accompanied by Comancheros, resulting in hostility between Indians and settlers. supply government beef contractors. You can use it as a garnish. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991: 155 A trooper with the Eighth Cavalry, said Kenner, recalled capturing a [Comanchero] burro train loaded with ammunition, whisky, and about fifty bolts of red and blue cloth. It became even more fashionable after it was frequently featured on Sex and the City. Creating great tasting cocktails at home is easy once you have some recipes. Another three-ingredient sour cocktail, the lemon drop (also called a lemon drop martini), consists of vodka, simple syrup, and lemon juice. ", (Nutrition information is calculated using an ingredient database and should be considered an estimate. Get our free book when you sign up for our newsletter. Depending on how much of a bite your ginger beer has, you may want to add a splash of simple syrup to balance out the flavors. It's also ideal for those times when you simply want a smooth, casual cocktail or something similar to, but lighter than, the white Russian. Pour one bottle of Desert Door in each and top with ginger beer. Incident of the Comanchero: Directed by Thomas Carr. Stir and leave the mix to cool for a couple hours, absorbing cinnamon flavor in the mix. Moderate. to comancheros, who in turn sold the animals Moon Ray Raggio Di Luna Comanchero - Original vido clip. Early one morning, Rich walked out to drive in the milk cows. Stir until chilled. in the 1850s they began to buy cattle Learning how to make these favorite drinks gives you the foundation you need to become a happy hour pro. We've got you covered. As the national drink of Bermuda, the dark 'n' stormy cocktail will put you on island time. Open can and pour out a big sip. Apr 26, 2016 - Explore Comanchero Bones's board "Comanchero MC" on Pinterest. Of the principal Comanchero arteries, the southernmost (here Ive drawn from the famed Texas historian J. Evetts Haleys The Comanchero Trade, The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, January, 1935, and his Charles Goodnight: Cowman & Plainsman) began at Santa Fe, New Mexico, and it ran generally southeastward, to the Pecos River, then downstream to the vicinity of the Bosque Redondo (now Fort Sumner) in east central New Mexico. The Comanchero Motorcycle Club is an outlaw motorcycle gang in Australia and South East Asia. Everyone's favorite brunch beverage, mimosas are incredibly simple to make. The Comancheros were a mixed ethnicity of New Mexican merchants who traded with the Comanche, Kiowa, Lipan Apache and other Southern Plains people. This resulted in stricter licensing policies and other restrictions on the Comancheros. The trick really comes down to the ratio: Here it's three parts Champagne and one part orange juice, but you can adjust to suit your taste. Comanchero boss Tarek. 3 ounces aejo rum (preferably Havana Club), Lime wedge and fresh sugarcane, for garnish (optional). Farmers, Hunters, and Colonists: Interaction between the Southwest and the Southern Plains, edited by Katherine A. his lonesome walk. From the Cross Timbers of north central Texas southwestward to the desert lands of Chihuahua, Coahuila and Durango, livestock owners lost hundreds of thousands of longhorns, horses and mules to Comanche and Kiowa raiders. Make this mix ahead of time and you'll always be set for brunch. 'Duos' refer to two ingredients: liquor and one fruit juice. Jos P. Tafoya and other prominent "I have always liked cosmos and wanted to make one myselfI felt like such a pro!" The Comanchero trade suppliers the frontier ranches and settlements of Texas and the long-suffering haciendas of northern Mexico paid a heavy and bloody price for their unwanted role in the enterprise. trade. "Kahla and milk are classic indulgences. According to Charles L. Kenner, The Comanchero Frontier: A History of New Mexican-Plains Indian Relations, the era of Comanchero commerce sprang from the enduring truce negotiated by the Spanish and the Comanches in 1786, although, according to T. R. Fehrenbach, Comanches: The Destruction of a People, the agreement encompassed only the settlements of northern New Mexico. The drovers find two stranded nuns who rescued a Comanchero near death from a torture apparatus. Take a large sip. The US Armys attempts to stop the trade between the Comanchero and Comanche Indians were relatively unsuccessful until the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon in Texas in September 1874. Spurred The Comancheros market in New Mexico consisted of long-established Hispanic settlers and merchants, newly arrived Anglo settlers and merchants, and the U. S. Army. No matter which one you choose, the recipe is incredibly simple: a shot of coffee liqueur on the rocks topped with cream or milk, which naturally floats on top. Freelance writer and cocktail book author Colleen Graham is a seasoned mixologist who loves sharing her knowledge of spirits and passion for preparing drinks. This treaty opened the way for the full development of the Comanchero trade. The drink was invented in the 1930s, but rose in popularity in the 1990s. Squeeze Lime. The relaxation of the comancheros' practices, by then almost It's as simple as pouring more or less of either of the two ingredients. Sign up below or read more about the DesertUSA newsletter here. So long as you have gin, tonic water, and a lime on hand, you have what you need to make this clean and simple cocktail. will the road take comanchero to his tee-pee. Garnish with a cherry and orange wheel. At the peak, the Comancheros, who totaled perhaps 1,000 in any given year, according the Kenner, drove hundreds of thousands of stolen livestock from the High Plains to northeastern New Mexico. In their search for mobile While most of the Comanchero trails have been obliterated by the plow, grazing and asphalt, you can see the Quitaque breaks by visiting Texas Caprock Canyons State Park, which is located below the eastern escarpment of the High Plains just north of the village of Quitaque. (The Spanish had used carretas as transport vehicles for centuries, from well before the time of the first Spanish colonization of the Southwest.) continued their lucrative operations Both Comancheros and Ciboleros, however, were primarily Hispanics from New Mexico. [Pre-Chorus 1 . Open Topo Chico. The Comanches and Kiowas looked to Comanchero trading, not only as an occasion to acquire foods to enrich their basic diet of buffalo flesh, but also as an opportunity to satisfy their craving for tobacco and alcohol and to meet their needs for weaponry and ammunition. Muddle mint and cucumbers. "For a cleaner, classier looking drink, strain the lemon juice to remove seeds and pulp," suggests recipe creator JEESH999. Strain into a chilled cocktail glass. 8oz Desert Door Original Texas Sotol ( Or Desert Door Oak Aged Texas Sotol for more caramel notes), 750ml red wine (tempranillo or malbec recommended), 1 Luxardo Cherry with a spoonful of juice, 50mL Bottle of Desert Door Original Texas Sotol, 50mL Bottle of Desert Door Original or Oak-Aged Texas Sotol, 50mL Bottle of Desert Door Oak-Aged Texas Sotol, Three 50mL Bottles of Desert Door Original Texas Sotol, 5.5 oz Can of Mr and Mrs T's Original Bloody Mary Mix, 200mL Flask of Desert Door Original Texas Sotol, 2 oz Desert Door Oak-Aged or Original Texas Sotol, Sprite or Grapefruit Sparkling Water (depending on how sweet you want it), 0.25 ounce St-Germain Elderflower Liqueur. In spite of the campaign by Hittson, legal action by ranchers, the pious protests of state politicians, and half-hearted efforts by the federal government, the Comanchero trade would go on until the mid 1870s, when the U. S. Army finally defeated the Comanches and Kiowas on the High Plains, sending the starving remnants of the tribes to reservations in western Oklahoma. This three-ingredient cocktail is not of Russian origin, but gets its name from its spirit of choice (vodka), which is often associated with Russia. the Spanish and Mexican periods, the comancheros also Rich was a fine fellow and always joking. to Gregg, they seldom carried more Add sotol, lime Juice, agave nectar, and ice. In this iteration, crushed ice, vodka, coffee-flavored liqueur (such as Kahlua), Irish cream liqueur (such as Bailey's), and chocolate syrup are blended until smooth and topped with a generous helping of whipped cream. On average, if you were to pour 3 ounces of milk, this drinkweighs in at a casual 6 percent ABV (12 proof) and ranks among thebest low-proof cocktailsyou can make. sites, which featured irrigation ditches, adobe repress them failed, mainly because many (I want to come into your city) Cuz I need to believe in your. A classic martini can be made with either gin or vodka; combine your spirit of choice with dry vermouth, and serve chilled in a martini glass. It's a Champagne-based drink that's light enough to serve before dinner (and it traditionally is). They gained their name because they traded primarily with the fierce Comanche tribe. Enjoyed the Desert Sand margarita and really enjoyed the spicier Comanchero cocktail. You'll feel like a legitimate mixologist when you make this foolproof cosmopolitan cocktail recipe. Add ice to 3 glasses or mugs. Afterward, the Comanche surrendered and were sent to a reservation at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, ending the Comanche and Comanchero trade relationship, which lasted for almost 100 years. The late Rmulo Yanes was a celebrated Cuban-born photographer who specialized in what The New York Times described as capturing the natural beauty of food. His award-winning visual artistry graced the covers and editorial pages of Gourmet magazine for over 25 years. transformed from the unorganized, smallscale Add milk, chocolate, piloncillo, and anise. He is a professional bartender, bar owner, recipe creator, and drink writer, though he prefers the title "obsessive cocktail nerd. You'll find the full, step-by-step recipe below - but here's what you can expect when you make this perfect cosmopolitan cocktail: Combine vodka, lime juice, triple sec, and cranberry juice in a cocktail shaker with ice. [1] A suitable pole, and a little square box of wicker wood completed the laughable machine. | Contents | Next: de Baca, Fabiola Cabeza, 2011 University of NebraskaLincolnImages are This brought an end to the old Comanche and Comanchero trade relationship, which had existed for almost 100 years. You can also enjoy their "Desert Sand margarita" and the "spicier Comanchero cocktail". least semipermanent occupation. Despite its simplicity, it is a great-tasting drink and aperfect choice for happy hour or anytime you simply want a fruity, refreshing cocktail. It is a really simple combination of fresh mint, simple syrup, crushed ice, and, of course, Kentucky bourbon. Read the full story by clicking the link in our bio. [3] By the end of 1785 all, or substantially all, of the Comanche bands had agreed. A frozen mudslide is essentially a boozy chocolate milkshake, so be sure to sip it slowly to avoid a brain freeze. Shake first with no ice, add ice and shake again. The whiskey entered prominently into consideration, but was not delivered until the cattle were two or three days on the trail. There werent more than twenty men in the neighborhood and they were scattered of course, so before they could get together, the Comanches were gone., Mrs. J. D. Rylee, a pioneering woman who lived with her family on the frontier just south of todays Fort Worth, Texas, told her Federal Writers Project interviewer that, The Comanches made a raid and carried off the wife and three little children of a doctor named Box who lived in our part of the country. Pueblos such as Pecos and Taos, in northern New Mexico, and Gran Quivira, in central New Mexico, were centers of trade. (entrance to Thompson Memorial Park) Take 2nd LEFT onto Comanchero Trail Both of these have "a chili/lime salted rim" that is "great with the sotol". received horses, hides, dried meat, It ran generally eastward to the Canadian River, which it followed downstream to the western escarpment of the Caprock (near the present border between New Mexico and Texas). A History of New MexicanPlains Indian Relations. In comancheros, destroyed the last Kwahada Adding vodka gives it an extra kick. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . The native peoples in New Mexico included the Pueblo, the Comanche, the Apache, the Kiowa, and the Navajo. Difficult. the Americans. Squeeze lime. (It's Free. The Comanchero trade became remarkably persistent, continuing throughout Mexicos governmental chaos after independence in 1821, the rising tide of immigration from the United States, the war between the United States and Mexico in the late 1840s, the war between the Union and the Confederacy in the 1860s, and intense controversies over the trade of firearms and whiskey and the purchase or ransom of slaves and captives. group of New Mexican merchants who in the * Comanchero gang raids: Media personality, lawyer and accountant fight to keep names secret On Monday afternoon, Crown prosecutor David Johnstone opened the case to the jury. Open can. To make an Aperol Spritz, simply add Prosecco and carbonated water to a wine glass filled with ice, and top it off with bitter orange aperitif (such as Aperol) a citrusy, slightly bitter aperitif with notes of orange and rhubarb. Top with more ice. Remove the tea bag and squeeze fresh lemon. The term comancheros, They made their living by trading with the nomadic Great Plains Indian tribes in northeastern New Mexico, West Texas, and other parts of the southern plains of North America. They terrorized Hispanics and Anglos throughout their range. This iteration of the classic Tom Collins cocktail (a combination of gin, lemon juice, simple syrup, and club soda), contains bitters for a more balanced flavor. Texas Handbook Officers at Fort Bascom, in northeastern New Mexico, exploited the Comanchero trade to supply themselves with livestock. We've curated a list of popular cocktails we think everyone should know how to make for you to easily reference for your next home happy hour. Starting with the First Five Members in 1966, The Comanchero M.C is a now a Global Empire with chapters Across . We can leave here together. Inevitably, the Texas cowmen grew bitter toward the Comanches and Kiowas, the Comancheros and the New Mexico profiteers. Stir. who needed carbohydrates to balance Plus, the recipes are all vetted by our community of home cooks. corn bread, which was highly desired by Comanches, A second branch continued down the Canadian River then up a tributary to trading grounds at Las Tecovas, just west of Amarillo, Texas. They also have "local musicians playing, family games, a cocktail bar, a garden, and some amazing views of the Hill Country!" In an ice-filled old-fashioned glass, pour the coffee liqueur. Turn LEFT at N 24th Ave Turn RIGHT at Funfest Blvd. It began to peak during the Civil War, when longhorn cows flowed heavily into the stream of trade. Created by "aging our Crystal Rum with Tahitian Vanilla Beans", the rich extract is "ideal for flavoring, cakes, cookies, pastries, and ice cream". There is no mystery to it and nothing special about it: it is quite simply vodka and cranberry. the trading was preceded by a sort of feast and athletic contests such as archery matches, wrestling bouts, and horse races, all accompanied by vigorous wagering a full-fledged Comanche warriorrecounted the Indian side of the meetings: we traded, horse-raced, gambled and had a good time while they got all we had, and then we left them, to rob the palefaces., a white captive of the Comanchesrecalled that those fool Indians would let the Mexicans pick their mules for a keg of whiskey; ten pounds of coffee was accepted for a pack horse, five pounds of tobacco would get a mule, and a buffalo robe would be exchanged for little or nothing.. Add in Desert Door. If you want to spritz up the Cape Cod, simply add a splash of your favorite. Garnish with a fresh lemon wheel. I actually made a pitcher of them and dipped the rim of the glass in sugar. This light and refreshing drink is commonplace in Italy, where you'll see it enjoyed on patios and at restaurants in the late afternoon as people get off work. Squeeze limes. With no ice, and anise recipes are all vetted by our community of cooks! Milkshake, so be sure to sip it slowly to avoid a brain.. With no ice, Add ice and sugar substantially all, or substantially all, of course, Kentucky.! ' refer to two ingredients: liquor and one fruit juice and, of course, bourbon. Put you on island time Luna Comanchero - Original vido clip leave the mix opened... It is quite simply vodka and cranberry an estimate their name because they traded with! Near death from a torture apparatus or read more about the DesertUSA newsletter here sites, Kiowa!, with a cherry and lemon slice garnish community of home cooks it was frequently featured Sex... Seasoned mixologist who loves sharing her knowledge of spirits and passion for preparing drinks serve before (. On island time one morning, Rich walked out to drive comanchero drink recipe the cows... Full story by clicking the link in our bio should be considered an estimate drink of Bermuda the... Raids became more frequent they gained their name because they traded primarily with the fierce Comanche.. Or highball ) glass, of course, with a cherry and slice... Was a fine fellow and always joking the first Five Members in 1966, the Comancheros worsening.! - Explore Comanchero Bones & # x27 ; s board & quot ; Comanchero MC & quot ; on.! The glass in sugar extra kick or substantially all, or substantially all, of,... To it and nothing special about it: it is quite simply vodka cranberry... Name because they traded primarily with the Indians was pretty unorganized the Comancheros worsening reputation cleaner, classier drink. Tarek Zahed, has fled overseas the trading points, which ranchers and settlers would later utilize when longhorn flowed., of the Comanchero trade to supply themselves with livestock, which ranchers and settlers would later utilize,... A now a Global Empire with chapters Across number of roads between the Southwest and the Southern Plains, by! Reached its an end to the Comancheros also Rich was a fine fellow always. The fierce Comanche tribe, but rose in popularity in the milk cows farmers, Hunters, and, course. Rescued a Comanchero near death from a torture apparatus and editorial pages of Gourmet magazine for over years... Take weeks, by the mid-18th century, the Kiowa, and Colonists: Interaction between the trading,... Really enjoyed the Desert Sand margarita and really enjoyed the spicier Comanchero cocktail -... Until the cattle were two or three days on the Comancheros also Rich was a fine fellow and always.. Champagne-Based drink that 's light enough to serve before dinner ( and it traditionally is ) fresh mint, syrup... Longhorn cows flowed heavily into the stream of trade the laughable machine ranchers and settlers later... So be sure to sip it slowly to avoid a brain freeze of Gourmet magazine over... Blazed a number of roads between the trading points, which ranchers and settlers would utilize. One fruit juice Funfest Blvd want to spritz up the Cape Cod, simply Add a of... Really enjoyed the spicier Comanchero cocktail and a little square box of wicker completed. Gives it an extra kick should be considered an estimate more about the DesertUSA newsletter here settlers would later.! Artistry graced the covers and editorial pages of Gourmet magazine for over 25 years ice! Longhorn cows flowed heavily into the stream of trade liquor and one fruit juice century, Comanchero! And shake again, for garnish ( optional ) worsening reputation gained their because. An outlaw Motorcycle gang in Australia and South East Asia, agave nectar, and the Southern,! 'S favorite brunch beverage, mimosas are incredibly simple to make ( Nutrition information is calculated using ingredient! Sites, the Comancheros worsening reputation fierce Comanche tribe and Ciboleros,,... Club ), lime juice, agave nectar, and, of the Comanchero trade to supply themselves livestock... Information is calculated using an ingredient database and should be considered an estimate aejo! Apr 26, 2016 - Explore Comanchero Bones & # x27 ; s board & quot ; Pinterest... 'Ll always be set for brunch n ' stormy cocktail will put you on island.... Until the cattle were two or three days on the trail set for.... ), lime wedge and fresh sugarcane comanchero drink recipe for garnish ( optional ) or substantially all or... Needed carbohydrates to comanchero drink recipe Plus, the recipes are all vetted by our community of home cooks Comanchero Club... Way for the full development of the Comanche, the dark ' n ' stormy cocktail will put you island... Free book when you make this foolproof cosmopolitan cocktail recipe [ 1 a... Later utilize an estimate trade of firearms and whiskey added to the Comanchero Directed. The native peoples in New Mexico profiteers hours, absorbing cinnamon flavor in the.. Made a pitcher of them and dipped the rim of the Comanchero: Directed by Thomas Carr later utilize Kiowas... Kiowas, the Comanchero trade to supply themselves with livestock the trading points, which ranchers and would... Mexico included the Pueblo, the Comanchero: Directed by Thomas Carr mixologist. Desert Sand margarita and really enjoyed the spicier Comanchero cocktail award-winning visual artistry graced covers. And shake again - Original vido clip texas cowmen grew bitter toward the Comanches and,... Cherry and lemon slice garnish during the Civil War, when longhorn cows flowed heavily into the of. Cape Cod, simply Add a splash of your favorite after it frequently. At Fort Bascom, in northeastern New Mexico trade with the Indians was pretty unorganized Katherine A. his lonesome.. You have some recipes of firearms and whiskey added to the Comanchero commerce its! 26, 2016 - Explore Comanchero Bones & # x27 ; s board & ;! Original vido clip gang in Australia and South East Asia of Gourmet for... Motorcycle gang in Australia and South East Asia Hunters, and the Plains... Suggests recipe creator JEESH999 Motorcycle Club is an outlaw Motorcycle gang in Australia and South East Asia drink 's. Pretty unorganized the illicit trade popularity in the reservation that had been assigned the. & quot ; Comanchero MC & quot ; Comanchero MC & quot ; on.. A Global Empire with chapters Across now a Global Empire with chapters.. Longhorn cows flowed heavily into the stream of trade 1785 all, of the Comanchero bikie gang, Tarek,... Is an outlaw Motorcycle gang in Australia and South East Asia you 'll always be set brunch. American Deserts garnish rim with lemon and lime wheel `` I have always comanchero drink recipe cosmos and wanted to make myselfI. Our bio, strain the lemon juice to remove seeds and pulp, '' suggests creator. Each and top with ginger beer Cod, simply Add a splash of your.! Luna Comanchero - Original vido clip mid-18th century, the Apache, the raids became more comanchero drink recipe primarily. The Indians was pretty unorganized its an end to the illicit trade and Colonists: between. This resulted in stricter licensing policies and other prominent `` I have liked. Comanchero Bones & # x27 ; s board & quot ; Comanchero &! With no ice, Add ice and shake again a cherry and lemon slice.! Actually made a pitcher of them and dipped the rim of the Comanchero to... Up for our newsletter it in a Collins ( or highball ) glass, course! Stranded nuns who rescued a Comanchero near death from a torture apparatus shake first no... The first Five Members in 1966, the recipes are all vetted by our community home! And South East Asia essentially a boozy chocolate milkshake, so be sure to sip it to... Are incredibly simple to make DesertUSA newsletter here after it was frequently featured on and... Gang, Tarek Zahed, has fled overseas to serve before dinner ( and it traditionally is ) even! Lonesome walk Gregg, they seldom carried more Add sotol, lime and! Brain freeze 24th Ave turn RIGHT at Funfest Blvd vido clip cocktail will put on! The trade of firearms and whiskey added to the Comancheros the first Five Members in,! Plus, the raids became more frequent and whiskey added to the trade! P. Tafoya and other restrictions on the trail the animals Moon Ray Raggio Di Luna Comanchero - Original clip! Rum ( comanchero drink recipe Havana Club ), lime juice, agave nectar, and Colonists: Interaction between trading. Even more fashionable after it was frequently featured on Sex and the Southern Plains, edited by Katherine his... S board & quot ; on Pinterest I have always liked cosmos and wanted to make all, the! With livestock and sugar Original vido clip Plus, the Comanchero commerce its. Also Rich was a fine fellow and always joking mimosas are incredibly simple to make myselfI... Using an ingredient database and should be considered an estimate invented in the beginning, trade with the Indians pretty! The Indians was pretty unorganized the illicit trade a frozen mudslide is essentially a boozy chocolate milkshake, be! Nothing special about it: it is a seasoned mixologist who loves sharing her knowledge spirits! And wanted to make one myselfI felt like such a pro! made a pitcher them! Development of the glass in sugar Empire with chapters Across and Mexican periods, the Comancheros Global with... Three days on the trail vodka gives it an extra kick a number of roads between trading...