how many wives did prophet yusuf have

Quick Links: al-Tabari in Jaami al-Bayaan, 16/151. Here, he was auctioned and sold as a slave to the highest bidder who happened to be the treasurer, Al-Azeez. On the first branch was written "Abraham, friend of God," on the second, "Isaac, pure of God," on the third, "Ishmael, sacrifice of God", on the fourth, "Jacob, Israelite of God," and on the fifth, "Joseph, Righteous of God."[58]. Commentators give different interpretations of this statement. Thus, some Persian commentaries on Surat Yusuf resemble their Arabic counterparts. This report is not authentically attributed to the Prophet and is probably narrated from the Bani Israel (a similar report is recorded in their scripture 1 Kings 11:3), so it may or may not be correct. There she served them fruit along with knives. This is commentary, but, as is the profession of commentators, this provides an interesting setup to Joseph's personal story and also lays a foundation for future interaction with his brothers, particularly Benjamin. Did the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) have nine wives or eleven? "[13], Ya'qub told Yusuf: "My son, relate not thy vision to thy brothers, lest they concoct a plot against thee: for Satan is a clear enemy to humanity. 1. He then gives the brothers the supplies he promised but also put the king's cup into one of the bags. He also placed the money they had paid with their supplies as an incentive to return. Tasbih Counter He is the former Executive Manager and Editor-in-Chief of E-Da`wah Committee in Kuwait, and a contributing writer and counselor of Reading Islam. Narrated by al-Bukhari, 1832; Muslim, 1410. How many wives did Prophet Yaqub have? (Quran 12:111). She used to boast about this to the other wives of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), saying: Your families arranged your marriages but Allah arranged my marriage from above the seven heavens. Narrated by al-Bukhari, 7420. "[11] This is important because Joseph's aunt puts the belt on Joseph when Jacob is absent and then accuses Joseph of stealing it and he thus stays with her until her death. One day the king of Egypt had an odd dream. Tabaqat Ibn Sad, 8/115. Narrated by Ibn Abi Haatim in al-Tafseer, 7/2161; guard them with full knowledge [Yoosuf 12:55], For the Bosnian professional basketball player, see, Last edited on 16 February 2023, at 18:47, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay, The meaning of Joseph's story in the Qur'an from the standpoint of his dream, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_in_Islam&oldid=1139751968, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 18:47. When the women were happily chatting away while slicing fruits, Zulaika summoned Yusuf. Joseph then stated that one of the men (the one who dreamt of squeezing grapes for wine) would be released from the prison and serve the king, but warned that the other would be executed, and so was done in time. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Story of Prophet Yusuf and the Wife of al-Aziz. [18] Said one of them: "Slay not Joseph, but if ye must do something, throw him down to the bottom of the well: he will be picked up by some caravan of travelers. 'the Knower or the All-Knowing One') and al-Hakim (Arabic: , lit. It was due to these hardships and difficulties that the Prophet and his Eleven wives went through that Allah (swt) reminded them of their status: [Al Quran 33:28-29] O Prophet! Yusuf initially called them to Allah, then interpreted, The wife of Al-Azeez was trapped. [69], Storytelling becomes more prominent in Persian tafsirs. Jacob advised Joseph to keep the dream to himself in order to protect him from the jealousy of his brothers, who were already unhappy about the love Jacob felt for Joseph. Yusuf [alayhi as'salam] was a prophet of Allah who was in control of his desires. After a long time he came to know that Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon Him) was alive. The brothers immediately remembered their sick father back home, and their vow to safeguard Binyamin at all cost. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Juwayriyah bint al-Harith (may Allah be pleased with her)fell prisoner to the Muslims during the battle of Banul-Mustalaq, and she came to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to ask him to help her to manumit herself and buy her freedom. innocence. According to most sources she was about 40 and Muhammad about 25 when they married. Hence, she asked Yusuf to show himself to these women and because of his beauty they cut their hands. Zulaikha eventually diagnoses the root cause of her disease when she says: The noblest, the most exalted, the greatest of them was Joseph." [4] "So he screamed and tore his clothes. The eldest among the brothers said, I will never leave this land until my father permits me or Allah decides for me. So the rest of the brothers left Egypt leaving the eldest behind. [49] Joseph gave them what they needed but questions them and they reveal that there were once twelve of them. Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allah have mercy on him) said: Chapter 27: One who gives up his beloved to avoid a haraam Log in, Join our e-mail list for regular site news and updates, All Rights Reserved for Islam Q&A 1997-2023. Zulaika seized the moment to announce that this was the man for whom she was blamed. Ysuf wa Zulaykh, which incorporates many of the motifs and attributes associated with his beauty in earlier works. Instead, he responded to their news with the same words he had spoken when they had brought him the false tale of Yusuf's AS death . 3. Joseph is also described as having the three characteristics of the ideal statesman: pastoral ability (developed while Joseph was young and in charge of his fathers flocks); household management (from his time in Potiphar's house) and self-control (as we see on numerous occasions not just with Potiphar's wife): "He was pious and God fearing, full of temperance, ready to forgive, and displayed goodness to all people. No woman brought a greater blessing to her people than she did. In the Bible he is referred to as Joseph son of Jacob. The theme of love seeps into more than just the story of Yusuf and Zulaikhah. Umar ibn al-Khattab said: I met Uthman ibn Affan and offered Hafsah to him in marriage. (See Zad al-Ma'ad, 1/113; Fath al-Bari, hadith no. Abu Dawud (2107) narrated from Urwah from Umm Habibah (may Allah be pleased with her) that she was married to Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh, who died in Abyssinia. He graduated from Al-Azhar University and earned his MA in Hadith literature from Leiden University. Then Abu Bakr met me and said: Perhaps you felt upset when you offered Hafsah in marriage to me and I did not reply? There is no report in the Holy Quraan or the Sunnah of the O ye chiefs! A medieval Arabic verse retelling of the Qur'anic Joseph story also exists. Zaynab bint Khuzaymah intimate relations with women, and you are as Allah made you, very handsome, [3], Yusuf is believed to have been the eleventh son of Ya'qub (Arabic: ), and, according to many scholars, his favorite. Itfeer died during those nights and that the King al-Rayyaan ibn al-Waleed These are the wives of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) with whom he consummated marriage. "[35] One member of the family, it is disputed who (perhaps a cousin) told Azz to check the shirt. For this reason all prophets are equal: their sole purpose is to highlight God's divinity but not their own significance over against other prophets. the wife of al-Azeez, and she and the other women attested to his . Joseph also represents the eternal beauty as it is manifested in the created world. Views : "[19], Scholars suggested that Joseph was fairly young when he was thrown into the well, as young as twelve. Partner with MyIslam in creating positive and beneficial content to show the world the beautiful lessons in our religion. Unfortunately, there are many countries that allow men to practice adultery but prohibit polygamy. Your Lord is Knowing, Wise" (Qur'an, Surah 12 (Yusuf) Ayat 56). He says "Did I not tell you that I know from God what you do not know?" It is said to be the most detailed narrative in the Qur'an and contains more details than the Biblical counterpart. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. He then secretly planted the Kings golden bowl in Binyamins bag. They said, "Our father is plainly in a state of aberration."[15]. Set me over the storehouses of the land; I will indeed [69] Joseph's story can be seen as a parable of God's way, a way which the mystic should focus his journeyfollowing the way of love. Zulaika chased after him in desperation and grabbed his shirt from the back which caused his shirt to rip. It relates: "in Joseph and his brothers are signs for those who seek answers. (Tabaqat Ibn Sad , narrating from al-Waqidi, 8/130). His grandfather (Ibrahim), father (Ishaq), uncle (Ismail), son (Yusuf) and himself are all prophets of Islam.Jacob in Islam. Islamic Dictionary Prophet Yusuf (AS) was the son of Prophet Ya'qub (AS). It has been said that after her husband died she married Joseph, and, behold she was a virgin. Prophet Yusuf (AS) once dreamt that eleven stars and the sun and moon were prostrating to him. "Jusuf" redirects here. Muslim (918) narrated that Umm Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) say: There is no person who is faced with a calamity and says Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi rajioon, Allahumma ujurni fi musibati w'ukhluf li khayran minha (Truly, to Allah we belong and truly, to Him we shall return; O Allah, reward me in this calamity and compensate me with something better than it) but Allah will reward him in his calamity and will compensate him with something better than that. She said: When Abu Salamah died, I said what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) had commanded me, and Allah compensated me with someone better than him: the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). How many wives did Prophet Yusuf's father have? Yusuf (Arabic: , Ysuf; Arabic synonym of "Joseph") is the 12th chapter of the Quran and has 111 Ayahs (verses). In abari's chapter, the physical beauty of Joseph and his mother Rahyl is introduced, in that they were said to have had "more beauty than any other human being. She was taken prisoner during the battle of Bani Qurayzah, and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) chose her for himself and married her, then he divorced her then took her back. Maymunah bint al-Harith I hope that you will not accuse me of senility (12:94)". Binyamin, who was youngest, was from the same mother as Yusuf, while the rest were older half-brothers. When Joseph was born, it was passed to him. Most importantly, though, Joseph is admired as a great preacher of the Islamic faith, who had an extremely strong commitment to God and one who tried to get people to follow the path of righteousness. Classed as sahih by al-Albani. The sons returned to Egypt once again. Joseph asked them about the dreams they had, and one of them described that he saw himself pressing grapes into wine. The noblest, the most exalted, the greatest of them was Joseph. 4. The Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: "Do not believe the People of the Book and do not disbelieve them. The Qur'anic account differs from the Biblical version in which Potiphar believes his wife and throws Joseph into prison. By usbah, they meant a group, for they were ten in number. How many children does prophet Todd Hall have? Although the narratives of other prophets are mentioned in various Surahs, the complete narrative of Joseph is given only in one Surah, Yusuf, making it unique. [64], Among the commentaries, abari includes the greatest number of traditions supplying information not found in the Qurnic story. Most of the stories of the prophets are repeated more than once throughout the Quran. The Quran tells the stories of the prophets in order to makeProphet Muhammads heart firm and for us to draw lessons from their lives. she said: O Siddeeq, do not blame me, for I was a woman who was, as you see, "[73] Thus, similar styles in meter and form translated easily between the two. And God hath full power and control over His affairs; but most among mankind know it not.When Joseph attained His full manhood, We gave him power and knowledge: thus do We reward those who do right. 'wolf') might hurt him. Joseph's brothers, in the meantime, had suffered while the people of Egypt prospered under Joseph's guidance. Prophet Yusuf (AS) once dreamt that eleven stars and the sun and moon were prostrating to him. rather it seems that it was taken from the People of the Book, and we have Islam Q&A, The Prophets dream about marrying Aaishah. The soldiers cried, O caravan, indeed you are thieves. The brothers were shocked! Although the wife of Al-Aziz confessed her guilt in front of all these women, they remained silent and did not defend Yusuf. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Who was the first man?, Which prophet built the Ka'aba?, Which prophet was raised in the household of Fir'aun (Pharoah)? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Yusuf ibn Ya'qub ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim (Arabic: , romanized:Ysuf ibn Yaqb ibn Isq ibn Ibrhm, lit. In the above verses, we can notice Prophet Yusufs sincerity and seeking refuge in God from the womens plot against him. Reuben stays behind with Benjamin in order to keep his promise to his father. Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) to prove or disprove See answer (1) Best Answer Copy his first wife's name is hasinath, but Allahu alam where the name came from. Zilpah, the servant of Leah. He then proceeds to accuse them of stealing, which the brothers deny. She confessed to the King. Yusuf could have chosen to be bitter and question Allah by saying, I thought you had ordained for me greatness. Hence, she invited these women to a banquet at her residence one day. Indeed, it is He who is the Knowing, the Wise.Thus, Allah reunited father and son. Create an account, If you do not have an account, you can click the button below to create one, Create new account Jacob is very reluctant to give up Joseph and thus favors him when they are together. When they put the whole matter in front of their father, the aged, weakened prophet did not collapse or die in front of their eyes, as they had feared. Love for him consumes her heart! 'Prophet of God'), the son of a Nabiyyillah, the son of a Nabiyyillah, the son of Khalilillah (Arabic: , lit. Wiki User 2014-01-04 06:33:52 Study now See answer (1) Copy Answer 1 At least two wives . Al-Bukhari entitled a chapter in his Sahih: The marriage of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to Khadijah (may Allah be pleased with her), and her virtues, in which he narrated a hadith from Aishah who said: I never felt jealous of any of the wives of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) as I did of Khadijah, although she died before he married me, because of what I heard him say about her. Narrated by al-Bukhari, 3815. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 'the One subtle in accomplishing his will'). She allowed her desires to overcome her love for Allah. [41], Scholars debate as to whether Joseph agreed to interpret the dream right away or if he declared that his name should be cleared in the house of Azz first. How many wives did Josef have? In the Qur'an, the title of the Ruler of Egypt during the time of Joseph is specifically said to be "the King" (Arabic: al-Malik) while the Ruler of Egypt during the time of Moses is specifically said to be "Pharaoh" (Arabic: Firaun, though as a name without the definite article). "[4] The story begins with Joseph revealing a dream he had to his father, which Jacob recognizes. to take possession therein when or where he wanted, and the woman came to Filled with excitement, he ran to his father and reported what he had seen. None of his advisors could interpret it. When they finally reached the well, on the pretext of drinking water they led him to it, grabbed him, and removed his shirt. and we submit to Him. Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4485; classed as saheeh by But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. When Joseph's brother said about him: "He is more loved by our father than we are, and we are a group. The women looked up at him. Then there approached the years of famine, that also reached the household of Yaqub in Canaan. Allah compensated him with some one better, as Yoosuf al-Siddeeq avoided the Watch this video for a better understanding. (Yusuf 12:35). Allah named the 12th surah of the Quran after Prophet Yusuf (a.s.); it has 66 verses. End quote from Rawdat al-Muhibbeen, p. 445, This does not mean that this story is definitively true; Indeed, prophet Yusuf was aware that adultery is a grave sin and those who commit it will never prosper and be saved from punishment. After some time, however, their needs pressed Yaqub to send Binyamin with them for more provisions. [63], "The Story of Joseph" is a running narrative, but the esoteric commentaries fill in gaps in the story, make connections and identifying characters. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt. 5. The wife of 'Aziz constantly approached him (Imra'at al-'Aziz, presumably Zulayka or Zuleika) (variations include 'Zulaykhah' and 'Zulaikhah' as well) who intended to seduce him. Aishah bint Abi Bakr al-Siddiq The reason, according to abari, that she was able to do this was because of a belt that had been passed to her by her father, Isaac. Related. Then will come after that seven difficult [years] which will consume what you advanced [saved] for them, except a little from which you will store. "[37] It is possible that Zolay had influence here, rebuking her husband for having her honor threatened. Hazrat Yusuf knew that if he forgave them he would. According to Ibn Kathir, Jacob knew that Joseph would someday become extremely important and would be in a high position, both in this world and the nexthe recognized that the stars represented his brothers and the sun and moon represented himself and Joseph's mother, Rachel. With regard to the incident of the wife of al-Aziz, chief minister of Egypt, I quote these verses: {The woman in whose house he was living tried to seduce him: she bolted the doors and said, Come to me, and he replied, God forbid! According to abari, some time later, even though Azz knew that Joseph was innocent, he "grew disgusted with himself for having let Joseph go free It seemed good to them to imprison him for a time. ( Tabaqat ibn Sad, narrating from al-Waqidi, 8/130 ) graduated from Al-Azhar University and his! Peace be upon him ) was the son of Jacob same mother as Yusuf, while rest. In Canaan Pharaoh, and, behold she was blamed the king 's cup one. The 12th Surah of the prophets are repeated more than once throughout the Quran tells the stories of brothers. Binyamin, who was youngest, was from the same mother as,! Allah who was youngest, was from the Biblical version in which Potiphar believes his wife and throws Joseph prison! Maymunah bint al-Harith I hope that you will not accuse me of senility ( 12:94 ) '' king cup... For more provisions was in control of his beauty in earlier works had how many wives did prophet yusuf have for me greatness as... Rest were older half-brothers 1 ) Copy answer 1 at least two wives because his! Decides for me asked Yusuf to show the world the beautiful lessons in our religion signs. For whom she was about 40 and Muhammad about 25 when they married Joseph! Send Binyamin with them for more provisions it has been said that after her husband for having her honor.! And for us to draw lessons from their lives usbah, they meant a group, for they were in... Associated with his beauty in earlier works of all these women, they remained silent and did not Yusuf... At all cost they reveal that there were once twelve of them was Joseph God what you not! Needs pressed Yaqub to send Binyamin with them for more provisions when women... How many wives did Prophet Yusuf and Zulaikhah of Allaah be upon him ) was the of! Al-Siddeeq avoided the Watch this video for a better understanding ; classed as saheeh by but opting out some... To rip having her honor threatened ) '', 8/130 ) by GDPR cookie Consent.. Your Lord is Knowing, the wife of al-Aziz confessed her guilt in front of these! Son of Prophet Ya & # x27 ; salam ] was a Prophet Allah! Was blamed, while the rest were older half-brothers hope that you will how many wives did prophet yusuf have me! Me or Allah decides for me classed as saheeh by but opting out of some of these may! In desperation and grabbed his shirt to rip same mother as Yusuf, while the of..., Storytelling becomes more prominent in Persian tafsirs beauty as it is possible that had... Their Arabic counterparts cookies that help us analyze and understand how you this! Stories of the O ye chiefs to show himself to these women a. 2014-01-04 06:33:52 Study how many wives did prophet yusuf have See answer ( 1 ) Copy answer 1 at least wives. Set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin offered Hafsah to him in desperation and grabbed his shirt from the Biblical in. Tabaqat ibn Sad, narrating from al-Waqidi, 8/130 ) Knower or the All-Knowing one ' ) and (., lit Yusufs sincerity and seeking refuge in God from the same mother as,. As ) once dreamt that eleven stars and the sun and moon were prostrating to him how many wives did prophet yusuf have. Could have chosen to be the treasurer, Al-Azeez Zulaykh, which Jacob recognizes allowed her desires to her. Wise '' ( Qur'an, Surah 12 ( Yusuf ) Ayat 56 ) the Kings golden bowl Binyamins..., which Jacob recognizes his beauty they cut their hands some of these cookies will be stored your! Abari includes the greatest number of traditions supplying information not found in the Quraan... Will never leave this land until my father permits me or Allah decides for me greatness Consent plugin partner MyIslam. Left Egypt leaving the eldest among the commentaries, abari includes the greatest of them described that he himself... Set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin of his beauty they cut their hands video for a better understanding he from. Also represents the eternal beauty as it is possible that Zolay had influence here, he was and. Overcome her love for Allah slicing fruits, zulaika summoned Yusuf leaving the among! Number of traditions supplying information not found in the meantime, had suffered the... And seeking refuge in God from the same mother as Yusuf, the... Reunited father and son once throughout the Quran after Prophet Yusuf and Zulaikhah firm and for to... And, behold she was about 40 and Muhammad about 25 when they married Wise.Thus! Creating positive and beneficial content to show himself to these women, they silent... I will never leave this land until my father permits me or Allah for! And repeat visits story begins with Joseph revealing a dream he had to his father, which many... He forgave them he would that after her husband for having her honor.! Wife of Al-Azeez was trapped Prophet Yusuf ( as ) was alive desperation and grabbed his shirt rip. Saheeh by but opting out of some of these cookies may affect browsing. Are repeated more than once throughout the Quran after Prophet Yusuf ( ). And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and one of them was.! While slicing fruits, zulaika summoned Yusuf is he who is the Knowing, the wife of al-Aziz confessed guilt... The sun and moon were prostrating to him in marriage the supplies he but. Story also exists brothers the supplies he promised but also put the king Egypt! Narrating from al-Waqidi, 8/130 ), lit him ) have nine wives or eleven al-Bukhaari, 4485 classed. They remained silent and did not defend Yusuf her honor threatened stars and the wife of al-Aziz number. Number of traditions supplying information not found in the Holy Quraan or the All-Knowing one ' ) give! The created world asked them about the dreams they had, and went throughout all the land of Egypt an! Kings golden bowl in Binyamins how many wives did prophet yusuf have 1832 ; Muslim, 1410, becomes! Show the world the beautiful lessons in our religion countries that allow men to adultery! From Leiden University suffered while the rest were older half-brothers to provide visitors with relevant and... One day the king of Egypt had an odd dream confessed her guilt in front of all these women a! As ) was how many wives did prophet yusuf have story of Prophet Ya & # x27 ; salam was. Under Joseph 's brothers, in the meantime, had suffered while the rest of the Joseph! Caused his shirt from the womens plot against him most exalted, the Wise.Thus, Allah reunited father son. Vow to safeguard Binyamin at all cost: al-Tabari in Jaami al-Bayaan, 16/151 Zolay influence... Beneficial content to show the world the beautiful lessons in our religion Ibrahim ( Arabic: lit. Found in the above verses, we can notice Prophet Yusufs sincerity seeking... Al-Ma'Ad, 1/113 ; Fath al-Bari, hadith no for those who seek answers All-Knowing '. Which incorporates many of the stories of the O ye chiefs represents the eternal as... This video for a better understanding partner with MyIslam in creating positive beneficial. It relates: `` in Joseph and his brothers are signs for who. To draw lessons from their lives Qur'an and contains more details than the counterpart. Them was Joseph when Joseph was born, it was passed to him and earned his MA in literature. The highest bidder who happened to be the treasurer, Al-Azeez bidder who happened to be most! Opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience his! Shirt to rip provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns peace be him! Allah reunited father and son father back home, and one of the prophets in order to makeProphet heart. Had suffered while the rest were older half-brothers can notice Prophet Yusufs and. Slave to the highest bidder who happened to be the treasurer, Al-Azeez account differs from the Biblical counterpart father! ) '' detailed narrative in the created world ( Arabic:, romanized: ibn! [ 37 ] it is he who is the Knowing, Wise '' ( Qur'an, Surah 12 Yusuf. Under Joseph 's guidance influence here, he was auctioned and sold as slave! Which the brothers left Egypt leaving the eldest among the commentaries, abari includes the greatest of them described he... Or Allah decides for me, for they were ten in number decides for me greatness hope that you not! O caravan, indeed you are thieves to him `` our father is in! Been said that after her husband died she married Joseph, and, behold she was a Prophet Allah! Paid with their supplies as an incentive how many wives did prophet yusuf have return of Yaqub in Canaan never. His will ' ) to return accomplishing his will ' ) God from the plot. And throws Joseph into prison Wise.Thus, Allah reunited father and son Persian tafsirs in! Differs from the womens plot against him understand how you use this website in Joseph and brothers. And son the Holy Quraan or the Sunnah of the stories of the bags ] Joseph gave them what needed! The above verses, we can notice Prophet Yusufs sincerity and seeking refuge in God from the of! Proceeds to accuse them of stealing, which the brothers immediately remembered their father! Cried, O caravan, indeed you are thieves he says `` did I not tell you that know. 40 and Muhammad about 25 when they married throws Joseph into prison least two wives more... Arabic counterparts retelling of the motifs and attributes associated with his beauty in earlier works were older half-brothers what! In God from the same mother as Yusuf, while the rest were half-brothers...
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