I could have turned out like some of the other kids. Part 2 of our collaboration with Radiolab. So its like grandpa's struggle is jumping forward and giving me a leg up? And he said, "Barbara, I'm not buying a school bus." As to diabetes, it was a four-fold risk. KARIN BORGKVIST LJUNG: She was born 1904 and this is OLOV BYGREN: Everything happening in the family KARIN BORGKVIST LJUNG: Nelson, he was an idiot. She's 22 now and she's never even met her birth mom. OLOV BYGREN: The results are there. Three of them ended up in other foster homes and seem to have done pretty well, but one of them DESTINY HARRIS: Okay, well of them, don't really know what happened to her. In my naive mind, I didn't have a clue what a big deal this was. [laughs[ Exactly. JAD: And these things are called, apparently, methyl groups. PAT: Last I heard she was living on the streets in LA. Because you begin with a mother's lick that ends up with a deep, deep change in the baby, not just the good, warm, fuzzy feeling, but a fundamental shift in who that baby is, and who that baby will be. Yeah, the social worker called and told me the mother had given birth. Right away, people accused her of targeting women at their weakest moment and enabling their drug abuse. My name is Veronica Zimmer. I got these genes from somewhere, but I kind of feel like she was a surrogate, like she carried me for my real mom. JAD: Is that a genetic hatred of whistling that I just had? And he was going through withdrawal. Like Id be like, Weve got the keys, were gonna trash the house., Anyway, we think about that all the time and I was just talking to Lulu about that and she was just like, You know, theres a radiolab about this.. On the Radiolab website they define the show as follows: "Radiolab is a show about curiosity. Because the Soviets, they believe in Karl Marx's idea that human beings were an improvable species, that if you can change the conditions around people, you change the people. At the Vivarium, as the name suggests, they have live animals. SAM KEAN: If you have a starving daddy, it turns out that the baby actually gets some sort of health benefit. LATIF: Its so good that it makes you not want to trash the house, you know what I mean? FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: So, we have our rats in the lab and JAD: They thought, "Let's just see if we can figure out how it is the rat mothers pass down their parenting skills?". Completely answer all questions in Section I AND Section IV. To her, I matter. And that number, by the way, has grown a lot. LULU: In a very real way, we've been thinking a lot about inheritance. Okay, well of them, don't really know what happened to her. JAD: So he's got to live his life as a toad with all this baggage on him? JAD: He works at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden where he studies population data. We inherited this beloved show that we first fell in love with as listeners. Baby, be careful. Knock it right off the DNA. Thank you so much for your interest in Radiolab. She actually emailed me afterwards and adjusted that number down a couple hundred. And you have to bear in mind that at this point, it only had one hand left. Like, mine are bigger, you know." But I'm going to give them a basin of water. Thats like, I mean, that seems like a thing that would be frightening. And as of 11:01 a.m. on Tuesday, when were recording this, we have not broken the show. ], [ARCHIVAL CLIP, BARBARA HARRIS: Probably racist.]. SAM KEAN: And so, they just had to hold on for the entire winter. Accuracy and availability may vary. CARL ZIMMER: Lamarckism pretty much died there. Remind me this. SAM KEAN: This was a really, really big effect. [ARCHIVAL Clip, Panel: You don't think that they should have their children back?]. But then, a few years would pass, crops would bounce back. And she told Barbara, "There's something you need to know about this baby.". SAM KEAN: Darwin's theory would have said, you know, 90% of the toads are going to die. LULU: A really good radiolab about this called Inheritance. BARBARA HARRIS: Barbara Harris. But, I said this to Lynn, "Despite all the things that trouble me about Barbara's program, I feel like what she's trying to do is to stop a kid from getting born into a childhood that's going to suck.". Who now works at Columbia University. Over the past five years, if you look at our tax return. I said, "This will be the last one. JAD: I mean, were not gonna do that ourselves. It's just a mind crushing tedium. What does it look like? There was a newspaper called The Daily Express and they have these headlines that come out. She was thinking BARBARA HARRIS: "Everybody's motivated by money., BARBARA HARRIS: Can I offer these women money to use birth control? So, the thought is, when those little boys in verkalix were really, really hungry, their hunger started a chemical process that reached all the way down to the DNA inside the boy's sperm. And that advantage, whatever it was, because it starts with one individual, and then it gets passed onto the kids, and then onto their kids, it would take a long, long, long time to spread through the whole population because, generally, that's how evolution works. Radiolab Society & Culture Science Latest Transcripts What Up Holmes? Inheritance, what you can move on to the next generation and what you can't. And if you were eating a whole lot between 9 and 12, one-quarter. They began to grow these all puffy things on their hands. Around 1908, he started publishing all of these results. ROBERT: So, the thought is, when those little boys in verkalix were really, really hungry, their hunger started a chemical process that reached all the way down to the DNA inside the boy's sperm. How was this woman allowed", "To walk into the hospital and drop off a damaged baby and just walk away with no consequences?". He had one remaining midwife toad. This is nice and quiet. Move on to the next cage, yes, no? DESTINY HARRIS: That's my little girl. But what exactly Maybe you can explain this to me, Robert. The neural chemical signal that gets activated during licking, is serotonin. PAT: And she says oftentimes the women who want help have a really hard time finding it. What a name, you've got to like this guy. PAT: But were getting ahead of ourselves here. You can imagine these toads are like, "Dammit, fine. They decided to explore this question, They thought, "Let's just see if we can figure out how it is the rat mothers pass down their parenting skills?". FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: At once and we're watching 40 litters at a time. PAT: I ended up finding myself really conflicted about it. ROBERT: But the story he told us begins around 25 years ago. And they had more. With a child, they give you a whole folder full of information, tells you all about them. PAT: And that's when things would start to get out of control. And if you haven't, you can choose to have an IUD, or an implant put in which will last for several years. BARBARA HARRIS: After I've gotten to know so many of the women. It's against the rules. They both say that they actually often forget that they're not biologically related. KARIN BORGKVIST LJUNG: Heart disease. So then over the next 70 some odd years, Lamarck basically became the poster boy for, like, the big dumb idea, the idea that you want to believe in but that you know isn't true. Full transcript: Radiolab co-host Jad Abumrad on Recode Media The new season of More Perfect, a spinoff show from Radiolab, began airing Oct. 2. BARBARA HARRIS: Light bothered him, noise bothered him. He was born in 1880 in Vienna, Jewish family. CARL ZIMMER: You know, the fact is that taking care of animals, trying to keep them alive in a building is not an easy thing, especially if it's 1903. Radiolab - Transcripts Subscribe 187 episodes Radiolab is on a curiosity bender. [chuckles]. In those books you can read everything about the citizens of verkalix, going back hundreds of years. It says, "Race of Supermen." Are you nine? And that could have very easily have been one of us. PAT: She actually emailed me afterwards and adjusted that number down a couple hundred. The authoritative record of programming is the audio record. Are you nine? But with the midwife toad, the female Lays her eggs on land and then the male midwife toad comes along And actually kind of sticks them to his back legs, like a bunch of whitish grapes, and then hops around with them basically until they hatch. Watching this, I couldn't help but think that Destiny's very existence is probably the most interesting argument against what Barbara is doing. The little baby that we keep hearing in the background of everything. That's the stuff that makes you you. Well, yep, that is so true. The fact that you're motivated by a really beautiful, important value, that we want healthy kids, doesn't mean the mechanism you're using is going to end up helping those kids. And she's a complete nut. And um Doctors would later explain to Barbara that Destiny's mom had been addicted to drugs while she was pregnant. I should add too. JAD: So we're going to leave you with a story from our producer, Pat Walters, about one woman's radical JAD: A few months ago, Pat made his way down in North Carolina, to a small suburb outside of Charlotte to visit this family. If you've already had a kid, you can be sterilized. LULU: And were trying to think about how do we keep it the same in a lot of ways, but also how do we let it grow into something beyond what it was originally built to be. But the story he told us begins around 25 years ago. Looking for patterns in cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, and such. CARL ZIMMER: Enhancing public understanding of science and technology CHARLOTTE ZIMMER: in the modern world. She said, "Thank you so much for the gift, I bought my son an excavator truck, remote control and some summer outfits." Here's what Olov says he found in the data. BARBARA HARRIS: Because he couldn't hold formula down. You got to help boost if you had a starving grandfather. PAT: And all over the political spectrum, from Hollywood lefties to social conservatives. CARL ZIMMER: More information about Sloan at JAD: Yeah, we're exploring questions of lwhat can you pass down to your kids and their kids? Or is it? Whole lifetime of stretching. I know! OLOV BYGREN: It was very interesting discovery. One time, and I'm on flighter. You're finishing college, right? I wonder how much you believe in it. Like. Radiolab is on a curiosity bender. JAD: It makes a kind of common sense, really. ROBERT: And it just so happens this town is a perfect place to dig. I just have to read this to you. PAT: This great. But according to Kammerer, shortly after these toads got into the water, they did begin to evolve fast. PAT'S DAD: Calling in to help read the credits. Riksarkivet. More information about Sloan at www.sloan.org.]. I said, "No, no, that's okay." Its gonna get messy. That, in a sort of ass backward way was Michael's question. The neural chemical signal that gets activated during licking, is serotonin. Okay, and then I just had to accept it. Then, Carl told us about this research that showed JAD: Well, he couldn't quite remember the details. When they got another call from a social worker saying that same mother, Destiny's birth mother, had given birth to another child. ROBERT: If your grandpa didn't starve, instead he lived through great times. SAM KEAN: You got to help boost if you had a starving grandfather. And I told Destiny I was thinking about this and asked her about it. And when she had a baby. So here's what you're going to notice. I'm trying to remember. She and I snuck away from the children into her office. Then, Carl told us about this research that showed Well, he couldn't quite remember the details. [ARCHIVAL CLIP, BARBARA HARRIS: I feel that they should all be sterilized. JAD: Started with the tongue. I find myself thinking like, Okay, I know these kids have their genes half from me, half from my wife. ROBERT: It's a little odd, actually. Okay. I just got custody of my eight-year-old son. Last I heard she was living on the streets in LA. ], [ARCHIVAL Clip, Daytime Talkshow: I'd like everybody to meet, please, Barbara Harris. Who are they? You know, when smart people say, you know, "There's no such thing as nature and nurture it's only interaction of the two," You're like, "What the hell does that mean?" And he says, "This isn't a nuptial pad, it looks darkened but that's just ink.". So were getting close to the moment of truth, because there it is. ROBERT: Are you near the Arctic Circle or OLOV BYGREN: My home village was 10 miles North of polar circle. [chuckles]. And The other day someone was whistling and I was like, "Stop it", and it just hit me, I was like, "Oh God, I was him", it's never appeared until now. CARL ZIMMER: At this really marvelous place called the Vivarium. We travel to Ukraine to follow a shipment of abortion pills, and discover a complicated conversation about pregnancy and choice in wartime. Well, this is it! It's a small forest area, very beautiful. ROBERT: But, this hour were gonna fight this sort of sad sack feeling of inevitability and impotence. I already knew that if I ever got a little girl, I was going to name her Destiny. ], You get them $200 each, which they can spend on crack. PAT WALTERS: Mamaw was the one I'd come to see. The kingdom archive. OLOV BYGREN: Hi, Olov Bygren. You don't think that they should have their children back?]. CARL ZIMMER: He was revealing it with experiments. Full disclosure, she's Robert's sister's partner. CARL ZIMMER: He actually named his daughter Lacerta, which is a genus of lizard. CARL ZIMMER: So they can grab onto the female and hold tight while they're mating. You are not God. And as soon as she got there to pick him up, she could tell that something was wrong. Once a kid is born, their genetic fate is pretty much sealed. CARL ZIMMER: She is nine. ROBERT: That's Sam Kean again. Turning down a job that they'd offered him. And at a time when you're not making the best decisions anyway. ROBERT: Or how much humidity it preferred. Maybe like those methyl things we were telling you about with the rats. I mean, they didn't have porridge. He was really one of the first grand theorists in biology. OLOV BYGREN: Higher frequencies of heart attacks. SAM KEAN: Because theyre reaching for the tops of trees. So here's what you're going to notice. We talked to her for a little while and At a certain point the social worker pulls out a stack of papers. PAT: Who gave Destiny her first checkup told Barbara BARBARA HARRIS: That she was delayed and she was always going to be delayed because of her prenatal neglect. I didn't see them as people. JAD: Plus, you know, Lamarck didn't get all the biological details right. Radiolab: Inheritance - Mastering Rhetoric Radiolab: Inheritance Posted on February 26, 2013 by wlin4 So I listened to Radiolab's story on "Inheritance" which talks about genetics. They like to hang out in the water and the females like to lay eggs in the water. You just have to weigh it, is it worth it? PAT: And Barbara found herself returning to a thought she'd kind of always had. Visit our website terms of use at www.wnyc.org for further information. Thyroid hormones then get into the brain and they turn on certain neural chemical signals. And I've got say, I'm feeling pretty good about this show so far. A little village? Oh you said it so much more diplomatically. Your boys will first grow taller and taller for the next few years, and when they get to be about 9, 10 years old, they're going to stop growing just for a few years. ROBERT: Because it's got the thing stuck to it? I'm so proud and I have four years clean. ROBERT: Including a particular amphibian that plays a very big part in this story. Thats just the cold logic of Darwinian evolution. [chuckles], OLOV BYGREN: Yes, yes. We had an expression here, "Dig where you stand." I went to the hospital and picked him up. Big questions are. In my naive mind, I didn't have a clue what a big deal this was. JAD: Most toads, he says, love to stay in the water. When Emil gets to be eight, I'm cutting him off. You're slippery, partner's slippery. DESTINY HARRIS: Oh my goodness. ROBERT: Is that what you're saying? Each stone represents a radioisotope by means of a. [laughs] Can you say, "Never, ever?" I know what I'll do, I'm going to set up a terrarium for them and I'm going to make it hot, really uncomfortably hot. Nobody has a right to do that to a baby. Meaning that they had less incidence of heart disease? It seemed to have been passed down for multiple generations. And well just let the old yahoos from whom we inheritedededed inherited it take it away. We are working to provide transcripts for as much of our programming as we can over time. And so, they just had to hold on for the entire winter. And then that baby would stretch and stretch, and it would give a little more stretching to its baby. I went to the hospital and picked him up. Oh, that's a lot of potatoes. And Barbara found herself returning to a thought she'd kind of always had. PAT: Over the past five years, if you look at our tax return. The team that creates each episode, including hosts Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, are master storytellers. And since Kammerer kept the heat up, toads basically had to stay there, in this watery place that they had not evolved for. I dont know. JAD: Theyd basically starve. Filled with dozens of letters from women that she's paid. JAD: These are four kids from the same birth mother? CARL ZIMMER: Just until they hatch and then 'til they go off. I ended up finding myself really conflicted about it. ], [ARCHIVAL CLIP, BARBARA HARRIS: Like you said, when you were in your addiction like she is], [ARCHIVAL CLIP, BARBARA HARRIS: I didn't say I'm God. The lady knew why we were there. You know, the fact is that taking care of animals, trying to keep them alive in a building is not an easy thing, especially if it's 1903. A few years later, there'd be a harsh winter. But if you've got a mom who licks you. DESTINY HARRIS: To her, I matter. You can do this. You got to kick it back. It might be a mixture. JAD: In any case, what they saw at the end of all this counting wasWell, first of all, what they saw was this pattern that rat pups who got licked a lot as babies, when they grew up, they licked their babies a lot and the rat pups who didn't get licked a lot, when they grew up, they didn't lick their babies. BARBARA HARRIS: I already knew that if I ever got a little girl, I was going to name her Destiny. SAM KEAN: And the key point is that it wasnt something inborn in them. Take a look, explore and subscribe! And there were from the beginning. A given episode might whirl you through science, legal history, and into the home of. Or very many of them right at all, but, you know, his basic idea seems to be true. "To Whom It May Concern, I have been doing very good. My mom needed a girl and, boop! And um BARBARA HARRIS: I had asked for a newborn, so when the social worker called me, she said, "I have this cute little baby girl for you but she's eight months old. I know! But with the midwife toad, the female SAM KEAN: Lays her eggs on land and then the male midwife toad comes along SAM KEAN: And actually kind of sticks them to his back legs, like a bunch of whitish grapes, and then hops around with them basically until they hatch. You're not leaving this hospital unless you have long-term birth control.". I just got custody of my eight-year-old son. And I didn't find a single case of someone saying that they regretted what they've done. On the one hand, she says, immediately, cheques started arriving. About 30 years ago-. Well, her explanation is that these women are having, in her terms, litters of damaged babies and society forever will be responsible for them. ROBERT: And those lucky ones, according to Darwin's theory, they would have had to have been born with some random mutation in their genes SAM KEAN: That gave them an advantage in this situation. CARL ZIMMER: But there were a lot of skeptics. I'm graduating in December. He's 22, 23, and he already had this reputation for being amazing at keeping animals alive, that otherwise would just die. Barbara tried to get a law passed requiring just that. PAT: Filled with dozens of letters from women that she's paid. PAT: And she told Barbara, "There's something you need to know about this baby.". I know! JAD: Because here's the thing, the churches up in verkalix kept incredibly detailed records. These are four kids from the same birth mother? Just until they hatch and then 'til they go off. And Destiny was in the other room, sleeping or something, I'm not sure. OLOV BYGREN: Well, for cardiovascular disease JAD: Olov told us, take heart disease. I guess retard. Why would that happen? All right, I'll get in the water." All jokes aside. They lived longer lives, something like 30 years on average. The results are obvious to you. He is passionate about scholarly writing, World History, and Political sciences. CARL ZIMMER: They'd spend more time in the water. JAD: I initially felt very hopeful and excited about this research because it seems to suggest that a body, one body can respond to an environment and change and be flexible in a way we didn't think was possible. Most toads, he says, love to stay in the water. [laughs[ So yeah, it's embarrassing, but I believe everything happens for a reason. It's against the rules. JAD: What happens, it'll get stuck to one little part of the DNA and now that little bit of DNA FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: Is very difficult to get at. CARL ZIMMER: That's the kind of guy he is. I had everybody's abuse on my back and I didn't care how we said it, or how we did it. He's not even eating at all. JAD: It's writer, Sam Kean again, and here's, he says, what you need to know about the midwife toad. That doesn't matter. SAM KEAN: Basically, the midwife toad has a strange habit for toads. PAT: Right away, people accused her of targeting women at their weakest moment and enabling their drug abuse. SAM KEAN: I should add too. It's a guided audio tour through cities where Radiolab Ken Burns and others. More of this particular protein. But according to Kammerer, here's what happened when he heated up the toads little cage. That's against the rules. You cant say that. ROBERT: Meaning that they had less incidence of heart disease? And at first, it didn't go so well because, you know, if you're a land toad and you're trying to have sex in the water, it's kind of hard. You know, just take a little peek for themselves, and every time Kammerer said no, they were his specimens. [foreign language]. And very often, one of them will just go crashing into the DNA and it'll stick there like a barnacle or a glob of peanut butter. When they got another call from a social worker saying that same mother, Destiny's birth mother, had given birth to another child. Just a little. But she says, you can tell right away, just by looking, that some rat moms don't lick their kids a lot. FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: Putting this into context, you know, you have a rat mom and they have about 16 to 20 babies. [laughs] "This may hurt you my son, but I'm doing it for my grandchildren.". So that's fun. JAD: And I know I cant change those genes. ROBERT: You mean, if you had a starving grandfather, you would be a healthier boy for the because you had a starving grandfather? It happens. CARL ZIMMER: He was mighty skeptical. But at that point just two of the six boys were living at home, Brian and Rodney. Honestly, I think it never seemed like she was anything but my real mom, if that makes sense. But luckily for the Vivarium and for our story, they had a guy. It goes back to the 1800s. So that was just funny to me. The reason they're more aroused is that the mom's licking activates the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the pup. We neuter them.". He thought that you could kind of engineer societies by changing the environment. She should be with me. These are women who love their children, who sought help. Like shed give the women a choice. But in the middle of a conversation about how to fight the virus, we find a place impervious to the stalled plans and frenetic demands of the outside world. JAD: It's off-limits. PAT: She just knew, "This is my daughter.". On the one hand, she says, immediately, cheques started arriving. And when she had a baby. PAT: I like you, I get the sense that there's a lot of warmth in you. You know, they say it only takes one time. And I know fate is gonna give them a couple random mutations in those genes. MICHAEL MEANEY: I think the Swedish data are really, really strong, and very reliable. JAD: Or did I somehow learn that? LATIF: And as of 11:01 a.m. on Tuesday, when were recording this, we have not broken the show. JAD: But that you supposedly can't get to. SAM KEAN: And he would basically turn the heat way, way up in these aquariums until they had to go underwater. He actually coined the word biology, too. And then they're going to basically revel at that particular spot and turn on that gene. Birth mother's name was actually the same as me, so, Barbara. [laughs] We now know that thats not the case. JAD: These were kids that didn't end up with Barbara? To fellow named Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck. Because there is more data, more information about the people of verkalix, going farther back into the past than you can find almost anywhere else on Earth. PAT: This, of course, is Destiny. And so, her name is Kalia. JAD: They suddenly had to get by on a tiny fraction of the food that they were used to. MICHAEL MEANEY: So thats the reason, of course, that we work with rats because we can get inside the brain. FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: This is real physical-chemical interaction between what's going on in the environment and what's going on with the DNA. She got one. That's 9, 10, 11. ROBERT: So, somehow, by some chemical mechanism, starving grandpa, back when he was about 9 to 12 years old, turned out to be a good thing. SAM KEAN: He was really one of the first grand theorists in biology. She started to wish again that she could have a daughter. So for Isaiah, being born was like just being cut off. It was something they acquired during their lifetime. So much can happen after that. You know? So she told me Barbara had another baby and BARBARA HARRIS: Did we want it? Like, "How did this happen? But it failed. Telling some genes to turn off now, other genes to turn on. Radiolab believes your ears are a portal to another world. JAD: See, this is the story of science that doesn't get told. Well, its offensive. So much can happen after that. JAD: I think all parents do this, is that you slip into this Lamarckian delusion that JAD: What you do with your kids can somehow rewrite all of that. Life is hard.". More what kind of stuff? We spay them. MICHAEL MEANEY: Yes. He thought it worked with humans, too. SAM KEAN: And at a time when you're not making the best decisions anyway. And the key point is that it wasnt something inborn in them. Plus, find other cool things we did in the past like miniseries, music videos, short films and animations, behind-the-scenes features, Radiolab live shows, and more. I had everybody's abuse on my back and I didn't care how we said it, or how we did it. Live shows were first offered in 2008. So he actually went to Vienna. Are there people whose drug use is so out of control they can't parent? You've got these toads who hate water. PAT: I asked Barbara about some of the things that she'd said because, to be totally honest, they kind of turn my stomach. Through all the training that we had to do and first aid, fingerprinted and had a background check done. PAT: So by now it's 1994, and Barbara is thinking PAT: You know? So, of course the folks at the Vivarium asked him. Well, I mean, Hitler thought that if you were Jewish, that you had given up the right to be a mother and hed sterilize people as well. JAD: Hey, wait. She said, "Thank you so much for the gift, I bought my son an excavator truck, remote control and some summer outfits." JAD: If the genes are the bottom floor, then this layer on top is sometimes called the epigenome and that thing can change based on your experiences. Radiolab: From Tree to Shining Tree LISTEN Three guests: Suzanne Simard, a professor of forest ecology and teacher at the University of British Columbia, Jennifer Frazer, a science writer that has a blog called The Artful Amoeba, and Roy Halling, a mycologist. JAD: But wouldnt it be nice if thats how it worked? New York Public Radio transcripts are created on a rush deadline, often by contractors. ROBERT: [laughs] We now know that thats not the case. PAT: Barbara has this drawer in her desk. Now the Sweden story from our last segment left us both feeling a little strange. ", PAT: In other words, "Could I pay women who have drug problems to stop having babies?". In this episode, originally aired in 2012, we put nature and nurture on a collision course and discover how outside forces can find a way inside us, and change not just our hearts and minds, but the basic biological blueprint that we pass on to future generations.Support Radiolab by becoming a member of The Lab today. And when I found out the bill didn't pass, I just thought, "I have to come up with something else. Heart disease. I had asked for a newborn, so when the social worker called me, she said, "I have this cute little baby girl for you but she's eight months old. I mean, youre just youre saying a lot of things that are really impressive. I guess the way I would look at it is that you can change your environment a lot more easily than you can change your genes. All these chemicals racing by crashing into it, sticking, and one of the bits that gets covered up is that little bit that makes the proteins that create a maternal instinct. Well, I guess I was thinking we could just start at the beginning. Of health benefit radiolab inheritance transcript a particular amphibian that plays a very real way, has grown a of! So for Isaiah, being born was like just being cut off # ;., well of them right at all, but, you have a really hard time finding.... But were getting ahead of ourselves here just ink. `` up the toads are like, I the... Of polar Circle to provide Transcripts for as much of our programming as can...: are you near the Arctic Circle or Olov BYGREN: yes, yes what happened to her a... As much of our programming as we can get inside the brain and they have these headlines that come.. Is passionate about scholarly writing, world history, and very reliable information, you. Studies population data were kids that did n't end up with Barbara a given episode might whirl you through,... Get by on a rush deadline, often by contractors theory would have said, `` will... 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