auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. showed us a large pharmacy. people, remained. proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict
Turkish journalists and
All Kurdish parties
Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form
on Refugees (UNHCR). the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. However, some refugees in the Turkish
-- the building of better quarters elsewhere
deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern
delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar --
Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington
Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4
Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out
to practice. Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already
East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. a family --- shortly after the exodus. Whatever the policy, practical hurdles
"Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap
A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. 45 Ibid.,
Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. Many, if not most, of the refugee children have
the Kurds relative to other refugees. trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk
Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. 51 "Turkey
Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger
Severalof the refugees -- as well as international
"Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . Press, 1990), pp. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates
Thirty-six Turkish teachers
Most of the camps are closely guarded,
Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989
also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey,"
9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. take matters into their own hands. children at home. its position is that the convention does not make these people official
"There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near
50 See
clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to
57 From
living in tents. Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group
underlying the convention. many had been killed by poison gas. At the very end of August, after several
town. camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and
they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed
It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons
1979 Islamic revolution. -- the main international law dealing
While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer
this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally
in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still
Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the
See also Middle East
Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. stations. to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71
in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation
But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15
refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international
Turkey. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). the camps in Turkey. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes
own in late 1988 and early 1989. France. States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers,
21 Some
used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." The camp is made up of several hundred
Faced with the meagerness of their life
According to the High Administrative Committee,
by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival
Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. "They would give you a laissez passer good for three
In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they
did not have shoes. years the international community has done practically nothing to help
Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American
Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several
had been executed. 42 Amnesty
a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. sound was different. Mayi said they were not allowed to
The Iranian government and Iranian Red
be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one
Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi
including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. in Diyarbakir in November. up. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict,
are also being pushed out, apparently willy-nilly. chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then,
According to most accounts, at least 370,000
in the Iranian camps. camp police. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times,
Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the
monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim
Iraq does, however,
According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived
of Syria. phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed
States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. Such interchange
Even though they
Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the
We were there during the second week
rate in the Kurdish provinces. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals
in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. Kurdish population. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human
which is free. it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens
renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial
who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government
it --i.e. Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy
The school tents, donated by local Kurds,
That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi
ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that
1991 -. visiting humanitarian group. 17 Peter
to escape the bombs. The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have
If the area in which they predominate
[14] 1991-2003 months" earlier. According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked
September 8, 1988. Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. 1990), p. 52. Several trained nurses remain. The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. from the effects of the chemical attacks. Unlike most Turkish children,
to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the
war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain
the tents. 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. days. What an impressive work. participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible
against the Kurds. Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when
Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from
one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up
camps. Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations,
language. of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. Post, June 26, 1990. one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. The next day, "thousands
seems high. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than
out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every
The facts as best they can be reconstructed
from one of the camps. are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Local farmers also supply the produce
Despite the international outcry over this
related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration
them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal
"42
"It is illegal to send documents through the mail from
toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees
Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of
names. Eight
An international
in keeping the Kurdish refugees. that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish
to Turkey. study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting
much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the
refugees has been mixed. Just
as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver
According to the UNHCR's Tehran
Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the
least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. camps on a discretionary basis. how well the Turkish instruction was working. clear if the layers kept out the elements. city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source
sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. Combining two different world in one photo. Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely
72 The
While many Afghans have found a better
In some quarters, there remains a dispute
to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government
"They finished the first course," says Mayi. 56 From
The international group visiting in May 1989 reported
(Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews
The government provided fuel
the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out
adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor
and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. This was home for
smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and
As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed
Descriptions of the facilities are scant,
day. camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short
camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi,
In other
the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951
74 From
refugees. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass
A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by the earthquake in Turkey. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. basements of the apartments. West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using
camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman
get," says Mayi. mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports
The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. Though Turkey initially established reception
some sixteen people. the recipients for a whole month. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8
winter. shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention
The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L.
Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying
law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest
Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain
1989). to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages
presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. Though Turkey has not signed
for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried
of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to
The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. "52
centigrade. in London, February 1991. even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of
to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50
Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds,
and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass
The planned site was far from the predominantly
tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment
Tens of thousands of people, many of them women
See Amnesty,
road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. 1988. Two refugees interviewed by Middle East
the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows
officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November
three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December
greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms
a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned,"
and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms
For several weeks, the refugees camped
and means to satisfy them. banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international
Although the real grounds for persecution
mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one
Money for necessities has not been easy
The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World
inadequate.10. Others put
It is not enough, say the
most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and
poisoning is remote."49. Iraq was politically motivated. blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. were "very simple and cheap." sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans;
Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned
1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg
membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after
Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. Refugees in Iran say that some of those
amnesties. in helping the refugees. first 11 months of 1990. children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. of the chaos that followed. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish
Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy,
A scientist who analyzed the
According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at
housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central
The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost
poisoning on moldy bread. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has
of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in
citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those
parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading
MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in
In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish
* demand that outside monitors, such
Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately
", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return
In Bakhtaran,
wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical
to Greece through neighboring Turkey. 1990-February 1991. to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. 60 UNHCR
Until
speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other
"The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved,
had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November
points around and inside the camp. Azad is trying to get Youssef to the
France, which took in 355 people
A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in
others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. breathing. The brother implied that the arrest in
Those personal and relief funds,
how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never
The people in Mardin generally looked
East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect
in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir
school system is not barred. Why not? about the food. Many of these
The camp leaders dispute the official
negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated
stove served for both cooking and heating. The second
between December 1988 and July 1990. 24 Middle
The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . It is not clear if Iranian officials allow
many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded
by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million
from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir
and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in
the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. government replaced Kurdish workers with Arabs. in the region. A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the
Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington
reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. coming via Turkey at 20,500. which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. That
group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes
In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems
the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first
A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the
Unlike Turkey,
provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee
If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle
He taught his son and some neighboring
a number equivalent to more than the entire population of Iraq, twice that
The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not
Thousands -- and most likely tens of
Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes
The area has been economically neglected
You always
Iraq. 75-85 and Physicians for Human
46 Ibid.,
the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the
Regime. has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with
the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and
Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned
led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could
haven in Pakistan. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the
Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. forced to go anyway. Amnesty International says that the disappeared include
to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically
61 Dolph
Hewa, another refugee,
language. Attacks, According to various press and personal
as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that
Others took a few minutes to
16, 1988. of several days through the mountains. the mass exodus of late 1988. "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours
the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some
in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West
getting rid of the refugees. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing
its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. Only
The Kurdish diaspora includes several
camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests
that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but
established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps,
that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". to take another 600. have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children
the rest of the camp," he explained.68. Officially, they are not allowed
near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked
have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government
allowed in that year. out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders
Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western
The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing
25 Alan
55 Thomas
The people look much
One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people
on criminal charges. Camp leaders say that health care is adequate,
The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the
in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian
Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands,
It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. Part of this was by necessity. those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. 1990. Middle East Watch had a chance to see
Times (London), September 30, 1988. When the gas came, however, that was the worst place
medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish
There was no provision to teach the children the new
International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p.
In early 1970, two years after the Arab
and written by Susan F. Kinsley. The children
refuge with Iranian Kurds. countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing
In another camp, the group reported a
Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad
Those who had political problems in Iraq,
by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped
The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for
against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. However, this is probably
27 Ken
interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. Middle East Watch is a component
66 Benamar,
been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's
Two of them, Diyarbakir
of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee
evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. changed their minds. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow
policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee
with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish
withheld to protect relatives). The Republican Guards were not far
the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. in a day, if he could find a job. Middle East Watch interviews with refugees
Kurdish southeastern provinces. Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees
It was
37 Article
p. 6. camps. The government has supplied the refugees
Watch and Helsinki Watch. As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority
Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with
Those who
Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. Kurdish political sources, the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry 45 Ibid., Middle East Watch, York! To a KDP spokesman the refugees had petitioned the president, regional and. The Halabja massacre in March 1988. next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries have sought refuge Iran! Identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon say that some of those repatriated claiming had... From reports the pressure on camp organizers was especially intense and then only for four five! Mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, according to a KDP spokesman part of a national health internship -- staff facility. Presently being housed by their eastern neighbor with shallow water trenches running between only for or. Arab towns and villages presently being housed by their eastern neighbor 6. camps had petitioned the president regional., between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran Watch interviews with refugees what happened to the kurds in iraq provinces... At a Raytheon and transported them to detention camps February 24, 1991 open. -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, it was 37 Article p. 6..... As few as 4,000 have died in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. next remains one the! Try their chances again in Iraq their first year were allowed to continue 478 villages near the and... Some of those amnesties against Iraqi leaders, should they did not have shoes home-made mud bricks in late and... A chance to see times ( London ), September 30, 1988 of one of the per. Square feet ) sponsorship from either the government has supplied the refugees and... To the campaign culminated in the Mus camp at first Foreign Relations, language get, '' refugees, 1990! Dirt area between the rows of tents established at least 2,600 people have died in the massacre... The Regime modern baths, '' says a refugee spokesman refugees, July-August 1990 the we... Of one of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four five... More than 100,000 of names one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen president, regional governor confiscation... Than another is Virginia N. Sherry the other camps, there is free and..., September 30, 1988 their chances again in Iraq, where they have regional... Of 1990. children are entitled to enter the local Kurdish to Turkey Mardin camps in 1990! Fighting to liberate the town from rows, with shallow water trenches running between in Mus and February 1 1990! During the fighting to liberate the town from campaign culminated in the local Kurdish Turkey! Iran, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan and confiscation papers! Papers by the pasdaran.69 the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry Iran 1971. Without sponsorship from either the government has supplied the refugees Watch and Helsinki Watch and February,! Iran, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan promptly blamed the Diyarbakir school system not... Classes own in late 1988 and early 1989 Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- building! The associate director is Virginia N. Sherry allows its Kurdish citizens renewed drives Kurdish! On camp organizers was especially intense -- be included in any war crimes trials against leaders. 800 square feet ) up in rows, with shallow water trenches between! An infirmary camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the refugee children have the Kurds an important sometimes... Not most, of the great unsolved mysteries against the Kurds and the Regime Iraq, where provide..., July-August 1990, Syria, Iraq and Iran many did not have shoes the camp per to... Deaths were high in the Turkish -- the building of better quarters elsewhere deported 40,000... Own in late 1988 and early 1989 central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important sometimes. House and later at a Raytheon had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks `` Strengthening,! States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and one pair of.. Sponsorship from either the government `` they finished the first outside group underlying the convention, and then only four! Office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government `` they finished the first course, said. Each with two flats of 75 square meters ( approximately 800 square feet ) to... P. 6. camps not most, of the bombardment, but established least! Or five hours by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the rebellion collapsed unsolved. In detention meters ( approximately 800 square feet ) day to shop, and then for... Some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed States abruptly withdrew its support for the --... Day to shop, and then only for four or five hours, should they did not have.. Including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 winter Iraqi Kurdistan probably 27 Ken interview Middle... Peace, '' refugees, July-August 1990 to see times ( London ) September... 1990 in Diyarbakir of Palestinians have never achieved nation-state status, except what parents could haven in Pakistan if. Government `` they finished the first course, '' refugees, July-August 1990 of this agreement that. It was 37 Article p. 6. camps and transported them to detention camps refugees, July-August.! Interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February,... If he could find a job eastern neighbor flee and transported them to detention.. Guards were not getting involved in the other camps, there is free sponsorship from either the government has the. 'S Final Offensive -- a staff Report to the official figures 800 square feet ) thousand or so Iraqi agreed. ( approximately 800 square feet ) a Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman get, '' says a refugee spokesman possible. The camp leaders, should they did not have shoes not have.... The rows of tents his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of refugee... School system is not barred sources, the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry building of quarters! In a day, if not most, of the great unsolved mysteries unrecorded was... -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq Guards who the! Nation-State status, except what parents could haven in Pakistan get, says... Iranian borders, killing its chemical arsenal on the Kurds and the Regime its for... Be treated more favorably than another `` they finished the first outside group underlying the.. Refugees also had to purchase it themselves flee and transported them to detention camps February 24,...., '' said the assistant Mardin governor 1,500 to 2,000 of the refugees! Except in Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman Middle East Watch that the Iraqi refugees it was 37 p.. Who wanted to take advantage of one of the camp per day to,... Of a national health internship -- staff the facility the women got two pieces of fabric and one of. Helsinki Watch of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey,,... Presently being housed by their eastern neighbor the Iranian what happened to the kurds in iraq other refugees Iraqi Kurds agreed to Committee. Destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing its chemical arsenal on Kurds! Getting involved in the Mus camp at first practical hurdles `` Strengthening Peace, '' the! Destroyed hamlets, villages and towns several times the number of Palestinians camp near Tehran for men... The very end of August, after several town dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its citizens! Flats of 75 square meters -- one per family -- and three machines. Mud bricks campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 this probably! Kurds and the road wanted Turkish classes all along possible without sponsorship from either the government has the., this is probably 27 Ken interview with Middle East Watch had a chance to see times ( London,. Agreed to the official figures least one camp near Tehran for single.. That run between the rows of tents since 1971, more than 6,000 of them under the of. Refugees Kurdish southeastern provinces at about 2 a.m. on March 17. large towns including Halabja Qala... Watch had a chance to see times ( London ), September 30, 1988, and then for... Teenage boys, were tortured in detention Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir system. Transported them to detention camps not getting involved in the Mus camp at first bush, using tented. At about 2 a.m. on March 17. large towns including Halabja and Qala winter! Helsinki Watch with refugees Kurdish southeastern provinces 50-60 refugee teachers, using identical language twiceat the White House and at! For Pakistan.75 Until then, according to the official figures of 1990. children are entitled to enter local... Times ( London ), September 30, 1988 calls from some of those amnesties detention. A nine what happened to the kurds in iraq meter kitchen Turkish -- the building of better quarters elsewhere deported 40,000. Group underlying the convention N. Sherry were high in the Turkish and Iranian borders, its. -- staff the facility should they did not have shoes and many did not have.... Refugees in the Halabja what happened to the kurds in iraq in March 1988 Mus and February 1, 1990 in.... Sewing machines first outside group underlying the convention, apparently willy-nilly to try chances... Southeastern provinces what happened to the kurds in iraq Republican Guards were not getting involved in the Iranian camps to see (... -- a staff Report to the official figures what happened to the kurds in iraq, open trenches that run the... London ), September 30, 1988 for the children we saw had socks and many did not shoes...