These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. "Nigerian Forces Comforts Fund, 19401947: 'The Responsibility of the Nigerian Government to Provide Funds for the Welfare of Its Soldiers'. These policies met with ongoing resistance. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC LEGACY. 1. European interpretations of Christian orthodoxy in some cases refused to allow the incorporation of local customs and practices, although the various mission denominations interpreted Christianity in different ways. 1324 Words6 Pages. Each was under a Lieutenant Governor and provided independent government services. David Richardson, "Background to annexation: Anglo-African credit relations in the Bight of Biafra, 17001891"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. Balewa formed a coalition government that included the Action Group as well as the NCNC to prepare the country for the final British withdrawal. You are right my brother. Britain also annexed Freetown in Sierra Leone, declaring it a Crown Colony in 1808.[20]. Much of the human trafficking which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard. [19], West Africa also bought British exports, supplying 3040% of the demand for British cotton during the Industrial Revolution of 17501790.[27]. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule with one exception. The British High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary. It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. Nigeria did not come into being until 1914, when the consort of a colonial Governor-General, Flora Shaw and her man, the fascist Lord Lugard willed and named Nigeria into being, with the dubious . In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. Nigerian students abroad, particularly at British schools, joined those from other colonies in pan-African groups such as the West African Students Union, founded in London in 1925. Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.[12]. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". The Central African Federation, embracing Nyasaland, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, was created in 1953 . It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. It is not a unitary state with local government areas but with one Central Executive and one Legislature. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. Inteno Fiberkonverter Blinkar, Herkules Flygplan Fakta, Kraftvrme Frdelar Och Nackdelar, Infllt Mtarskp Utomhus . Although per capita income in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. [79][80], Much of the colony's budget went to payments of its military, the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF). Recovery came quickly and improvements in port facilities and the transportation infrastructure during World War I furthered economic development. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston detested slavery, and in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of the regime. The British had participated in it until human trafficking was abolished in 1807. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. How did British keep Nigerians from developing organized political resistance. This scheme proved unpopular and confusing to many involved parties and was phased out. The British accomplished the colonization by using its military. They received attention from major parties before elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance. The essential basis of this system was a money economyspecifically the British pound sterlingwhich could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives, and levied as a fine. He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such experiment a reasonable chance of success". I will be dealing almost exclusively with the areas of East and Central Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe - where a more or less coherent debate can be seen. In 1944 Macaulay and Nnamdi Azikiwe, an Igbo who had been educated in the United States, united more than 40 different groups to establish the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a treaty with the newly installed Oba Akintoye, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. In November 1908, Bergheim reported striking oil; in September 1909, he reported extracting 2,000 barrels per day. Clifford also believed that indirect rule encouraged centripetal tendencies. . Today, Lagos remains Nigeria's financial capital and, as home to an estimated eight million people, ranks . Economic hardship caused by the war certainly underlay and even provoked resistance against the colonial authorities. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. The British, like other newcomers to the slave trade, found . The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed Samuel Ajayi Crowther as the first Anglican Bishop of the Niger. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. Although there was strong resistance from natives against the British, it was all crushed by the British. They, in turn, have by defeat lost their rule which has come into the hands of the British. In 1923 Herbert Macaulay, the grandson of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, established the first Nigerian political party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which successfully contested three Lagos seats in the Legislative Council. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). [18], In 1807, the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Slave Trade Act, prohibiting British subjects from participating in the Atlantic slave trade. [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. But the history of Nigerian demands for greater representation go back to the 1920s. Author. Nigeria's first nationalist movements appeared in the 1920s, and resistance to colonial rule grew over the next three decades. [17] Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".[14]. [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. 3 The Amakholwa's upsurge as a black, conservative, and educated class in the Cape Colony helped establish political resistance to colonial rule. [81] In 1936, of 6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, 1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service. Maji-Maji Uprising (Tanganyika) 4. [46] Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. Although this trade grew to significant proportionspalm oil exports alone were worth 1 billion a year by 1840it was concentrated near the coast, where palm trees grew in abundance. Nigerian delegates were selected to represent each region and to reflect various shades of opinion. [35] However, the company did accept that local kings could act as partners in governance and trade. After the Willink Commission examined and reported on this issue in 1958, independence was granted. Non-violent Resistance - In the Year of African Independence, 1961, 17 countries declared themselves independent of colonial powers, most of them non-violently, through protest and/or negotiation . After the Napoleon war, the British tried to expand their colonial rule in Africa and began to establish trade tides with Nigeria in 1898. The present attempt is to inquire into the educational policy of colonial Nigeria, the aim, the nature and process of educational development and how it affected women in Nigeria. They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. In the face of threats to the divided Yoruba states from Dahomey and the Sokoto Caliphate, as represented by the emirate of Ilorin, the British Governorassisted by the CMSsucceeded in imposing peace settlements on the interior. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. Other European powers acknowledged Britain's dominance over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. [19] Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company. The similarity between the federal and regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the regions. [11], By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. [76], The British treasury initially supported the landlocked Northern Nigeria Protectorate with grants, totalling 250,000 or more each year. Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. Bolivian indigenous activist Ivan Ignacio, one of many indigenous activists at the second People's Summit in Qubec . These changes included taking land from African people and giving it to the growing number of Europeans in the colonies. This became the Lagos Constabulary, and subsequently the Nigerian Police Force. In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. Thanks. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were better established and more populous than those of the Americas, thus creating a more formidable barrier to European expansion. Nigeria is a country in West Africa and was colonized by the British in 1884 during a slave trade (Alme). The British finalized the border between Nigeria and French West Africa with the Anglo-French Convention of 1898. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. Lugard's campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. Ouidah (now part of Benin) and Lagos were the major ports on the coast. [61] John Anderson diplomatically suggested: If it is the necessity for formally submitting the drafts that hurts Sir F. Lugard, I should be quite prepared to omit that provision provided that the period of publication of the draft prior to enactment is extended from one month to two. The receding British presence enabled local officials and politicians to gain access to patronage over government jobs, funds for local development, market permits, trade licenses, government contracts, and even scholarships for higher education. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. Macaulay was despised by the British, but he came to be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian nationalism.. With the exception of Brandenburg-Prussia's short-lived attempt to gain a foothold on the West African coast and to participate in the 17th-century transatlantic slave trade, German colonialism began only in the 1880s. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. In addition to their economic grievances, they also called for the end of the reform of the native courts. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. This study examines the nature of various economic activities of the Adamawa emirate during the pre-colonial period. In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. [67], This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. The officers of the RWAFF were British. In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. The staff of this office came primarily from the British upper-middle classi.e., university-educated men, primarily not nobility, with fathers in well-respected professions. From 1815 to 1840, palm oil exports increased by a factor of 25, from 800 to 20,000 tons per year. Algeria fought back and eventually was granted self rule and nigeria was put down and never got independance. 19, no. Nigeria (/ n a d r i / ny-JEER-ee-), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea to the south in the Atlantic Ocean.It covers an area of 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi), and with a population of over 225 million, it is the most populous country in Africa, and the world's . Alan Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. Colonial official A. J. Harding commented in 1913: Sir F. Lugard's proposal contemplates a state which it is impossible to classify. "Specifically, the Company sought to secure the cooperation of the traditional rulers in ensuring peaceful conditions for trade. Ethnic and kinship organisations that often took the form of a tribal union also emerged in the 1920s. Although lacking Azikiwe's compelling personality, Awolowo was a formidable debater as well as a vigorous and tenacious political campaigner. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. Ist October, 2010, marks The 50th anniversary of Nigeria's independence from imperial Britain. The colony was created through the consolidation of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. Rebellions Against Colonial Rule Before the Second World War. In fact, while the southern delegates pressed for The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. Most people under colonialism lived their lives normally until a policy like this came about. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. Exploration was intensified in 1946, but the first commercial discovery did not occur until 1956, at Olobiri in the Niger Delta. practice of indirect rule, Brown contends that culture industries like Nollywood can sustain capitalism . [12] Trade was also conducted through a mechanism of barter and credit. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. British colonialism created Nigeria, but did little to make it a viable, stable, self-sustaining national entity. Further dislocation accompanied the outbreak of World War I. In this final section of this module, we will look at four phases of African reaction to . At that time many scholars believed that Nigeria was able to develop into a stable and fast-growing state due to its huge potential. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. Ajay. [61], The task of unification was achieved on the eve of World War I. The arrival of the British. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. Many changes accompanied British rule: Western education, the English language, and Christianity spread during the period; new forms of money, transportation, and communication were developed; and the Nigerian economy became based on the export of cash crops. Broadening political participation and expanding educational opportunities and other social services also were viewed as threats to the status quo. As the emirs settled more and more into their role as reliable agents of indirect rule, colonial authorities were content to maintain the status quo, particularly in religious matters. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. The discussion of pragmatic resistance in Africa comes full circle with the former Portuguese colonies, South Africa, and Kenya. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule. France sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the same year that it gave up on trying to regain Saint-Domingue from the Haitian Revolution. [11], Britain's imperialistic posture became more aggressive towards the end of the century. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. . Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. Nigeria became an independent state on the October 1, 1960 after being a British colony for over 40 years. [65], Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. The British Culture in Nigeria. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. [57], Egerton also supervised improvements to the Lagos harbour and extension of the local telegraph network. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton learned about the mouth of the Niger River, and where it reached the sea, but after suffering malaria, depression and dysentery, he died before confirming it. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin (also known as the Slave Coast) became the next most important hub. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. [72] In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. 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